Carcinoma: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that begins in the skin or the tissues lining internal organs. It is one of the most common forms of cancer and can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, breast, prostate, colon, and skin.

The condition develops when cells grow uncontrollably, often due to genetic mutations. Early detection significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. With access to quality care through Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Company and its network of 18,400+ hospitals, patients can receive timely diagnosis and treatment, reducing the severity and risks associated with carcinoma cancer.

What is Carcinoma?

Carcinoma is a form of cancer that starts in the epithelial cells, which make up the lining of most organs and tissues in the body. Unlike other types of cancer that originate in blood or lymphatic cells, carcinoma typically forms solid tumours. It can occur in the skin, lungs, colon, liver, kidneys, or other organs. Carcinoma is often slow-growing, but certain types can be aggressive. Understanding what carcinoma is helps highlight the importance of regular screening and early medical intervention, especially when supported by health insurance plans from Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Company.

Who Gets Carcinoma?

Carcinoma can affect anyone, but risk increases with age, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle factors. Older adults are more commonly diagnosed due to cumulative exposure to risk factors over time. Those with a family history of cancer, smokers, or individuals exposed to harmful chemicals or radiation are at higher risk. Carcinomas are also more likely in people with chronic inflammation, obesity, or suppressed immune systems. Early detection through regular screenings—made easier through insurance support—can significantly reduce complications and improve survival outcomes.

Types of Carcinomas

There are several types of carcinomas, classified based on the organ they affect and the specific cell type involved:

Adenocarcinoma

Originates in glandular tissues that secrete substances like mucus or digestive fluids. Common in the breast, colon, prostate, and lungs.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Develops in the squamous epithelium, which lines many body surfaces. Often seen in the skin, lungs, oesophagus, and cervix.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A type of skin cancer starting in the basal cells. It’s the most common and least aggressive form of carcinoma.

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Found in the urinary system, particularly the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis.

Renal Cell Carcinoma

The most common type of kidney cancer.

Each type of carcinoma has different growth rates, symptoms, and treatment options, which is why accurate diagnosis is essential.

Also Read: How to Choose Best Health Insurance for Cancer Patients?

Common Causes of Carcinoma

Carcinoma disease may develop due to a variety of factors:

• Genetic mutations: Changes in DNA that control cell growth.
• Tobacco use: A leading cause of lung, throat, and bladder cancers.
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Poor diet and lack of physical activity
• Chronic infections: Such as HPV (linked to cervical cancer) or Hepatitis B/C (linked to liver cancer).
• Exposure to carcinogens: Chemicals, radiation, or asbestos.
• Prolonged sun exposure: Can cause skin carcinomas.

Understanding these causes is key to both prevention and timely intervention.

Are There Stages of Carcinomas?

Yes, carcinomas are usually staged from 0 to IV:

• Stage 0: Abnormal cells present but confined to the layer where they began.
• Stage I–III: Tumour size and local spread increase with stage.
• Stage IV: Cancer has spread (metastasised) to distant organs.

Staging helps determine the prognosis and the most effective treatment plan. Early-stage carcinomas often have better outcomes when treated promptly.

Symptoms of Carcinoma

Symptoms vary depending on the type and location but may include:

• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue
• Pain in affected areas
• Changes in bowel or bladder habits
• Persistent cough or difficulty breathing
• Skin changes or sores that don’t heal

These symptoms should not be ignored, especially if they persist. Routine health checks are crucial for early detection.

Diagnostic Procedures for Carcinoma

Diagnosis involves multiple tests, including:

• Physical examination and history-taking
• Imaging tests such as CT scan, MRI, or PET
• Biopsy to analyse tissue samples
• Blood tests to check tumour markers
• Endoscopy or colonoscopy for internal visual examination

Early and accurate diagnosis ensures a personalised treatment approach.

Treatment Options for Carcinoma

Treatment depends on type, stage, and location:

• Surgery: Removes tumours or affected tissues.
• Radiation therapy: Uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Involves drugs to destroy or shrink tumours.
• Immunotherapy: Boosts the body’s immune response.
• Targeted therapy: Attacks specific cancer cell mechanisms.

Some patients may require a combination of therapies. Access to timely, multidisciplinary treatment can improve prognosis. Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Company offers financial support for cancer treatments, helping patients access high-quality care.

Risk Factors of Carcinoma

Several factors increase the risk of carcinoma:

• Ageing
• Smoking and alcohol use
• Obesity and poor diet
• Family history of cancer
• Hormonal imbalance or prolonged hormone therapy
• Environmental exposure to pollutants and radiation

Reducing exposure to these risks and staying proactive with screenings can help lower one’s chances of developing carcinoma.

Also Read: What Are the Main Types of Cancer?

Preventive Measures and Lifestyle Modifications

Preventing carcinoma involves healthy lifestyle habits:

• Quit smoking and reduce alcohol intake
• Maintain a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables
• Exercise regularly
• Use sunscreen and protective clothing
• Get vaccinated against HPV and Hepatitis B
• Schedule routine screenings based on age and family history

Conclusion

Carcinoma is one of the most common and treatable forms of cancer when detected early. Knowing its causes, symptoms, and treatment options can empower individuals to take preventive action. With early intervention and the right health insurance support, patients can access effective care at state-of-the-art hospitals offering the right infrastructure.

FAQs

How is carcinoma different from other types of cancer?

Carcinoma begins in epithelial cells, while other cancers like leukaemia or lymphoma start in blood or lymphatic tissues.

What diagnostic tests are used to detect carcinoma?

Tests include imaging (CT, MRI), biopsy, blood tests, and endoscopic procedures based on the suspected organ.

Does health insurance cover treatments for carcinoma?

Yes. Most health insurance plans, cover diagnosis and treatment for carcinoma.

Does carcinoma cause death?

If left untreated or diagnosed at a late stage, carcinoma can be fatal. Early detection significantly improves survival.

Are carcinomas serious?

Yes. While some are slow-growing, others can spread rapidly. Timely treatment is essential for better outcomes.